Difference Between Online UPS and Offline UPS
Difference Between Online UPS and Offline UPS-A UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is a crucial component of any power backup system. It ensures that critical equipment and systems remain operational in the event of a power outage or other power-related issues. Two main types of UPS systems are available in the market – On-Line UPS and Off-Line UPS. Understanding the difference between these two types of UPS systems is essential for choosing the right one for your needs.
Difference Between Online UPS and Offline UPS
A UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is a crucial component of any power backup system. It ensures that critical equipment and systems remain operational in the event of a power outage or other power-related issues. Two main types of UPS systems are available in the market – On-Line UPS and Off-Line UPS. Understanding the difference between these two types of UPS systems is essential for choosing the right one for your needs.
When it comes to Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), there are two main types: Online UPS and Offline UPS. Although both types supply power to devices during power outages, they have distinct differences. The primary difference between Online UPS and Offline UPS is the way they provide power. Online UPS utilizes a rectifier and inverter combination to simultaneously power the load and charge the battery, ensuring that the battery is ready to supply power when needed. On the other hand, Offline UPS supplies AC power directly to the load by switching ON the transfer switch, and only uses the battery backup in the event of a power failure. Another crucial difference is that Online UPS requires a large heat sink.
The rectifier in the Online UPS supplies power directly to the inverter as well as the battery. As a result, heat dissipation will be significant. As a result, an Online UPS requires a larger heat sink than an Offline UPS.
Online UPS
The Online UPS, consisting of a rectifier, battery, and inverter, is directly connected to both the AC mains and the load. The rectifier circuit converts the AC power into DC power, which is used to charge the battery and supply the inverter circuit that powers the load. The transfer switch is always in the ON position, allowing power to be continuously delivered to the load from the rectifier and inverter circuits, without any interruptions in case of a power outage.
Benefits of Online UPS
One of the significant advantages of using Online UPS is that there is no need to switch between the two power paths during a power outage, thus ensuring that power is continuously delivered to the load.
Another benefit is that Online UPS provides proper isolation between the load and input circuits, resulting in distortion-less signals.
Since the inverter is always in the ON position, power is continuously available to the load, resulting in zero transfer time.
Drawbacks of Online UPS
Designing an Online UPS is complex, as it requires a large heat sink.
The instantaneous supply of power to the battery backup and inverter circuit in Online UPS leads to increased power dissipation.
The cost of designing Online UPS is higher than that of Offline UPS.
Offline UPS
The Offline UPS functions by directly providing the AC power to the device connected to the load. During normal operation, the AC power is supplied directly to the load, while the battery is charged with the help of the rectifier circuit.
However, in the event of a power outage, the Offline UPS switches the position of the transfer switch to connect the load to the battery backup path. The charged battery then supplies DC power to the inverter, which converts it into AC and supplies it to the load terminal.
Benefits of Offline UPS
One significant advantage of the Offline UPS is its low design cost in comparison to the Online UPS.
The internal control of the Offline UPS is simple, as there are only two paths, which work at different times according to the position of the transfer switch.
The efficiency of the Offline UPS is high because the battery backup and inverter are not always ON, as they are in the case of the Online UPS.
Drawbacks of Offline UPS
The electric signal obtained from the Offline UPS has poor quality because the inverter is not always ON.
In case of power outage, the transfer time is approximately 5ms, during which there will be no output power. There will be a slight disruption in the output power due to transfer time.
Since the Offline UPS directly supplies AC power when it is available, any spikes or surges present in the input voltage will also be transmitted to the output circuit.
Comparison of On-Line and Off-Line UPS
1. Performance Comparison
Efficiency: On-Line UPS is generally more efficient than Off-Line UPS due to the continuous regulation of the power supply.
Power protection: On-Line UPS provides a higher level of power protection than Off-Line UPS, making it suitable for critical equipment.
Voltage regulation: On-Line UPS can regulate the output voltage, ensuring that the connected equipment receives stable power, while Off-Line UPS cannot regulate voltage.
Switching time: On-Line UPS has a seamless transition between power sources, while Off-Line UPS has a delay in switching to battery power.
2. Cost Comparison
Initial cost: On-Line UPS is generally more expensive than Off-Line UPS due to the higher level of power protection provided.
Operating cost: On-Line UPS consumes more energy than Off-Line UPS, resulting in higher operating costs.
3. Application Comparison
Suitable applications for On-Line UPS: On-Line UPS is suitable for critical equipment such as servers, medical equipment, and industrial machinery.
Suitable applications for Off-Line UPS: Off-Line UPS is suitable for basic power backup needs such as desktop computers and small appliances.
Key Difference Between Online UPS and Offline UPS
The main differences between Online UPS and Offline UPS are in their operation. Online UPS supplies AC power through a rectifier and inverter circuit even when AC mains power is available, whereas Offline UPS directly supplies AC mains power to the load circuit when the power supply is available. Transfer time is a crucial factor that distinguishes the two types of UPS. Online UPS has zero transfer time as there is no switching between the inverter and mains supply path, while Offline UPS has a transfer time of approximately 5ms.
Another significant difference is that the inverter in Online UPS is always ON, while the inverter in Offline UPS is only active during power outages. Online UPS is generally more expensive than Offline UPS. However, the efficiency of Offline UPS is generally higher compared to Online UPS because the inverter and rectifier circuit are not constantly active in Offline UPS.
Conclusion
In conclusion, both Online UPS and Offline UPS are important for providing uninterrupted power supply. The choice between them depends on the specific application requirements. Offline UPS may be suitable for applications where a slight transfer time delay and cost-effectiveness are acceptable. On the other hand, Online UPS may be necessary for critical applications such as medical equipment, industries, and telecommunication, where even a slight transfer time delay is not desirable, despite the higher cost.
Frequently Asked Questions –
1. What is the main difference between online and offline UPS?
The main difference between online and offline UPS lies in their working principles. An online UPS continuously supplies power through the rectifier and inverter circuit, while an offline UPS directly supplies power to the load circuit from the mains and switches to the backup source only when the mains power fails.
2. What is the transfer time difference between online and offline UPS?
The transfer time difference between online and offline UPS is significant. An online UPS has zero transfer time as there is no switching between the rectifier and inverter path and the mains power path, while an offline UPS has a transfer time of about 5ms.
3. Which UPS is more efficient, online or offline?
Offline UPS is generally more efficient than online UPS because the inverter and rectifier circuit in offline UPS are only switched on when the mains power fails, while in an online UPS, they are always on.
4. Which UPS is better for critical applications, online or offline?
Online UPS is better suited for critical applications such as medical equipment, industries, and telecommunication where even a few milliseconds of transfer time can cause significant disruptions. However, offline UPS is a more cost-effective solution for less critical applications.
5. Which UPS is more expensive, online or offline?
Online UPS is more expensive than offline UPS due to its complex design and the need for a large heat sink to dissipate the heat generated by the continuous operation of the rectifier and inverter circuit.
All three basic uninterruptible power supply (UPS) technologies have their place in protecting today’s distributed IT infrastructure especially on the network edge. Each technology has its advantages and each may be necessary for configuring cost effective power protection, especially in complex systems. Selecting a UPS for your particular application requires an examination of a number of factors. The load size, location and criticality of the equipment to be protected are key, as well budgetary considerations, when choosing a UPS for power backup.
The three major types of UPS system configurations are online double conversion, line-interactive and offline (also called standby and battery backup). These UPS systems are defined by how power moves through the unit.
Online Double Conversion
AC power is stable and clean upon generation. But during transmission and distribution, it is subject to voltage sags, spikes and complete failure that may interrupt computer operations, cause data loss and damage equipment. When it comes to safeguarding critical IT loads, only online double conversion technology protects fully against all these power problems, providing the highest levels of security for networks.
An online UPS system is usually called double conversion as well because incoming power is converted to direct current (DC) and then converted back to AC. This AC-DC/DC- AC design ensures an increased degree of isolation of the load from the irregularities on the main supply.
The online UPS takes the incoming AC power supply and converts it to DC using a a rectifier to feed the battery and the connected load via the inverter so that no power transfer switches are necessary. If the main AC input fails, the rectifier drops out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power flowing to the device connected to the UPS. When AC input power is restored, the rectifier resumes carrying most of the load and begins charging the batteries.
Because power runs through an online UPS continually, output is a perfect sine wave. This type of UPS protects the critical load from virtually all power disturbances, including subtle harmonics and waveform distortion.
This means the quality of power from online UPS is significantly better than that of other technologies. Offline and line-interactive technologies reduce the impact of spikes, surges and sags by either clipping the peaks and valleys, boosting power or switching to battery backup. Within the normal track of an electrical sine wave, however, most power fluctuations are left alone. Online UPS regenerates the sine wave, not just conditioning of the raw utility supply.
An online UPS delivers continuous, high-quality AC power to equipment with no break when transferring to battery, protecting equipment from virtually all power disturbances due to blackouts, brownouts, sags, surges or noise interference. A true online, double-conversion UPS provides 100% power conditioning, zero transfer time to battery, no change in output voltage and better transient suppression than line-interactive units.
Online double conversion is the most common UPS mode of operation used for protecting large data centers by providing the highest level of power quality to the load always. Online systems also provide frequency regulation, essential for use with backup generator systems to protect from variations common at generator start up.
Line-Interactive
Line-interactive UPS systems provide both power conditioning and battery backup. This technology is particularly effective in areas where outages are rare, but power fluctuations are common. Line-interactive UPS systems support a wide range of input voltage fluctuations before switching to battery backup.
Beyond battery backup, line-interactive UPS provides far better control over power fluctuations then offline systems. The critical advantage of line-interactive UPS is the voltage boost circuitry and the range of input voltage that that UPS accepts. The wider the range, the more total protection you will have.
Line-interactive UPS technology provides power conditioning with a 4-6 millisecond break in power when transferring to battery back-up and protects against the most common power problems experienced in a network. Here the UPS also monitors the voltage level and balances under and over voltages. This technology provides a good choice between reasonable protection and moderate operating costs.
With line-interactive UPS, the inverter becomes part of the output and is always on. The inverter can operate in reverse to charge the battery while AC input is normal, and switch to battery power when input fails, which provides filtering and voltage regulation. Line interactive UPS systems rely on the battery to condition power so this type tends to drain its battery more frequently than online UPS systems that condition power through the double-conversion process.
When AC input power fails, the unit’s transfer switch opens and the power flows from the battery to the UPS output. With the inverter always on and connected to the output, line-interactive UPS provides additional filtering and yields reduced switching transients when compared to a standby UPS. Line-interactive UPS systems are typically used in rackmount applications below 5000VA.
Offline/Standby/Battery Backup
Offline UPS, also called standby UPS or battery backup, is a cost-effective choice. Better offline UPS systems switch to battery fast enough to prevent power anomalies and ride out short outages. An offline UPS protects against most spikes, but doesn’t maintain perfect power during minor sags and surges.
The key to offline UPS quality is the range of power the unit will except before switching to battery backup. The wider the range, the less drain on the battery and the more backup time available when the power shuts off. The more times the UPS switches to battery backup, the shorter the battery life.
Offline UPS technology will protect from most power spikes by clamping down on excess voltage and help ride out more than 90% of all outages. An offline UPS system passes utility AC power straight through the unit, past a transfer switch, to the output point where the protected load is connected.
When an input power failure happens, the built-in battery and the inverter, which converts the battery’s DC power to AC, are activated and connected to the output by the transfer switch. There is generally about a 6-8 millisecond break in power when transferring to battery back-up.
This technology is best suited for devices under 1500VA such as small offices, personal home computers and other less critical applications. Offline UPS is a good option for those requiring lower power capacity and cost. Offline UPS technology provides power backup protection for desktop equipment, gaming consoles, workstations, wireless networks and other electronics. During power outage, it provides enough runtime to save work in process and complete an orderly shutdown of equipment. In addition to power backup, most offline UPS systems offers basic surge protection as well.